package cn.ycc1.baseset.classes.inheritance;

/**
 * Inheritance
 * 继承
 * In the preceding sections, you have seen inheritance mentioned several times. In the Java language, classes can be
 * derived from other classes, thereby inheriting fields and methods from those classes.
 *
 * Definitions: A class that is derived from another class is called a subclass (also a derived class, extended class,
 * or child class). The class from which the subclass is derived is called a superclass (also a base class or a parent class).
 *
 * Excepting Object, which has no superclass, every class has one and only one direct superclass (single inheritance).
 * In the absence of any other explicit superclass, every class is implicitly a subclass of Object.
 *
 * Classes can be derived from classes that are derived from classes that are derived from classes, and so on,
 * and ultimately derived from the topmost class, Object. Such a class is said to be descended from all the classes
 * in the inheritance chain stretching back to Object.
 *
 * The idea of inheritance is simple but powerful: When you want to create a new class and there is already a class that
 * includes some of the code that you want, you can derive your new class from the existing class. In doing this,
 * you can reuse the fields and methods of the existing class without having to write (and debug!) them yourself.
 *
 * A subclass inherits all the members (fields, methods, and nested classes) from its superclass. Constructors are not members,
 * so they are not inherited by subclasses, but the constructor of the superclass can be invoked from the subclass.
 *
 * The Object class, defined in the java.lang package, defines and implements behavior common to all classes—including the
 * ones that you write. In the Java platform, many classes derive directly from Object, other classes derive from some of
 * those classes, and so on, forming a hierarchy of classes.
 *
 * At the top of the hierarchy, Object is the most general of all classes. Classes near the bottom of the hierarchy provide
 * more specialized behavior.
 * 在java.lang包中定义的Object类定义并实现了所有类（包括您编写的类）的通用行为。在Java平台中，许多类直接从Object派生，其他类从其中一些类派生，
 * 以此类推，形成类的层次结构。
 * 在层次结构的顶部，Object是所有类中最通用的。层次结构底部附近的类提供了更专门的行为。
 *
 * @author ycc
 * @date 2025/3/5
 */
public class Inheritance {
    /**
     * An Example of Inheritance
     * Here is the sample code for a possible implementation of a Bicycle class that was presented in the Classes and Objects section:
     */
    public class Bicycle {

        // the Bicycle class has three fields
        public int cadence;
        public int gear;
        public int speed;

        // the Bicycle class has one constructor
        public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear) {
            gear = startGear;
            cadence = startCadence;
            speed = startSpeed;
        }

        // the Bicycle class has four methods
        public void setCadence(int newValue) {
            cadence = newValue;
        }

        public void setGear(int newValue) {
            gear = newValue;
        }

        public void applyBrake(int decrement) {
            speed -= decrement;
        }

        public void speedUp(int increment) {
            speed += increment;
        }
    }

    /**
     * A class declaration for a MountainBike class that is a subclass of Bicycle might look like this:
     *
     * MountainBike inherits all the fields and methods of Bicycle and adds the field seatHeight and a method to set it.
     * Except for the constructor, it is as if you had written a new MountainBike class entirely from scratch,
     * with four fields and five methods. However, you did not have to do all the work. This would be especially valuable
     * if the methods in the Bicycle class were complex and had taken substantial time to debug.
     */
    public class MountainBike extends Bicycle {

        // the MountainBike subclass adds one field
        public int seatHeight;

        // the MountainBike subclass has one constructor
        public MountainBike(int startHeight,
                            int startCadence,
                            int startSpeed,
                            int startGear) {
            super(startCadence, startSpeed, startGear);
            seatHeight = startHeight;
        }

        // the MountainBike subclass adds one method
        public void setHeight(int newValue) {
            seatHeight = newValue;
        }

        /**
         * What You Can Do in a Subclass
         * A subclass inherits all of the public and protected members of its parent, no matter what package the subclass is in. If the subclass is in the same package as its parent, it also inherits the package-private members of the parent. You can use the inherited members as is, replace them, hide them, or supplement them with new members:
         *
         * The inherited fields can be used directly, just like any other fields.
         * You can declare a field in the subclass with the same name as the one in the superclass, thus hiding it (not recommended).
         * You can declare new fields in the subclass that are not in the superclass.
         * The inherited methods can be used directly as they are.
         * You can write a new instance method in the subclass that has the same signature as the one in the superclass, thus overriding it.
         * You can write a new static method in the subclass that has the same signature as the one in the superclass, thus hiding it.
         * You can declare new methods in the subclass that are not in the superclass.
         * You can write a subclass constructor that invokes the constructor of the superclass, either implicitly or by using the keyword super.
         * The following sections in this lesson will expand on these topics.
         *
         * 你可以在子类中做什么
         * 子类继承其父类的所有公共和受保护成员，无论子类在哪个包中。如果子类与其父类在同一个包中，它也继承父类的包私有成员。您可以按原样使用继承的成员，替换它们，隐藏它们，或用新成员补充它们：
         * 继承的字段可以直接使用，就像任何其他字段一样。
         * 您可以在子类中声明一个与超类中同名的字段，从而隐藏它（不建议）。
         * 您可以在子类中声明不在超类中的新字段。
         * 继承的方法可以直接使用。
         * 您可以在子类中编写一个新的实例方法，该方法具有与超类中相同的签名，从而覆盖它。
         * 您可以在子类中编写一个新的静态方法，该方法与超类中的签名相同，从而隐藏它。
         * 您可以在子类中声明不在超类中的新方法。
         * 您可以编写一个子类构造函数，隐式或使用关键字super调用超类的构造函数。
         * 本课的以下部分将详细介绍这些主题。
         */

        /**
         * Private Members in a Superclass
         * A subclass does not inherit the private members of its parent class. However, if the superclass has public
         * or protected methods for accessing its private fields, these can also be used by the subclass.
         *
         * A nested class has access to all the private members of its enclosing class—both fields and methods.
         * Therefore, a public or protected nested class inherited by a subclass has indirect access to all of the private
         * members of the superclass.
         */

        /**
         * Casting Objects
         *
         * We have seen that an object is of the data type of the class from which it was instantiated. For example, if we write
         *
         * public MountainBike myBike = new MountainBike();
         * then myBike is of type MountainBike.
         *
         * MountainBike is descended from Bicycle and Object. Therefore, a MountainBike is a Bicycle and is also an Object,
         * and it can be used wherever Bicycle or Object objects are called for.
         *
         * The reverse is not necessarily true: a Bicycle may be a MountainBike, but it is not necessarily. Similarly,
         * an Object may be a Bicycle or a MountainBike, but it is not necessarily.
         *
         * Casting shows the use of an object of one type in place of another type, among the objects permitted by inheritance
         * and implementations. For example, if we write
         *
         * Object obj = new MountainBike();
         * then obj is both an Object and a MountainBike (until such time as obj is assigned another object that is not a
         * MountainBike). This is called implicit casting.
         *
         * If, on the other hand, we write
         *
         * MountainBike myBike = obj;
         * we would get a compile-time error because obj is not known to the compiler to be a MountainBike. However,
         * we can tell the compiler that we promise to assign a MountainBike to obj by explicit casting:
         *
         * MountainBike myBike = (MountainBike)obj;
         * This cast inserts a runtime check that obj is assigned a MountainBike so that the compiler can safely assume that
         * obj is a MountainBike. If obj is not a MountainBike at runtime, an exception will be thrown.
         *
         * Note: You can make a logical test as to the type of a particular object using the instanceof operator.
         * This can save you from a runtime error owing to an improper cast. For example:
         *
         * if (obj instanceof MountainBike) {
         *     MountainBike myBike = (MountainBike)obj;
         * }
         * Here the instanceof operator verifies that obj refers to a MountainBike so that we can make the cast with knowledge that
         * there will be no runtime exception thrown.
         */

        /**
         * Multiple Inheritance of State, Implementation, and Type
         *
         * One significant difference between classes and interfaces is that classes can have fields whereas interfaces cannot.
         * In addition, you can instantiate a class to create an object, which you cannot do with interfaces.
         * As explained in the section What Is an Object?, an object stores its state in fields, which are defined in classes.
         * One reason why the Java programming language does not permit you to extend more than one class is to avoid
         * the issues of multiple inheritance of state, which is the ability to inherit fields from multiple classes.
         * For example, suppose that you are able to define a new class that extends multiple classes. When you create
         * an object by instantiating that class, that object will inherit fields from all of the class's superclasses.
         * What if methods or constructors from different superclasses instantiate the same field? Which method or constructor
         * will take precedence? Because interfaces do not contain fields, you do not have to worry about problems that result
         * from multiple inheritance of state.
         *
         * Multiple inheritance of implementation is the ability to inherit method definitions from multiple classes.
         * Problems arise with this type of multiple inheritance, such as name conflicts and ambiguity. When compilers
         * of programming languages that support this type of multiple inheritance encounter superclasses that contain
         * methods with the same name, they sometimes cannot determine which member or method to access or invoke.
         * In addition, a programmer can unwittingly introduce a name conflict by adding a new method to a superclass.
         * Default methods introduce one form of multiple inheritance of implementation. A class can implement more than
         * one interface, which can contain default methods that have the same name. The Java compiler provides some rules
         * to determine which default method a particular class uses.
         *
         * The Java programming language supports multiple inheritance of type, which is the ability of a class to implement
         * more than one interface. An object can have multiple types: the type of its own class and the types of all the
         * interfaces that the class implements. This means that if a variable is declared to be the type of an interface,
         * then its value can reference any object that is instantiated from any class that implements the interface.
         * This is discussed in the section Using an Interface as a Type.
         *
         * As with multiple inheritance of implementation, a class can inherit different implementations of a method defined
         * (as default or static) in the interfaces that it extends. In this case, the compiler or the user must decide which
         * one to use.
         */
    }


}
